2Ki 3 | NETfull | STEP | In the eighteenth year of King Jehoshaphat’s reign over Judah, Ahab’s son Jehoram became king over Israel in Samaria; he ruled for twelve years.

2 Kings 3

Moab Fights with Israel

1 In the eighteenth year of King Jehoshaphat’s reign over Judah, Ahab’s son Jehoram became king over Israel in Samaria; ^{▼▼ For location see Map2-B1; Map4-D3; Map5-E2; Map6-A4; Map7-C1.} he ruled for twelve years. 2 He did evil in the sight of ^{▼▼ Heb “in the eyes of.”} the Lord, but not to the same degree as his father and mother. He did remove the sacred pillar of Baal that his father had made. 3 Yet he persisted in ^{▼▼ Heb “held tight,” or “clung to.”} the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who encouraged Israel to sin; he did not turn from them. ^{▼▼ The Hebrew text has the singular, “it.” Some ancient witnesses read the plural, which seems preferable since the antecedent (“sins”) is plural. Another option is to emend the plural “sins” to a singular. One ancient Greek witness has the singular “sin.”}

4 Now King Mesha of Moab was a sheep breeder. ^{▼▼ For a discussion of the meaning of term (נֹקֵד, noqed), see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 43.} He would send as tribute ^{▼▼ The vav + perfect here indicates customary action contemporary with the situation described in the preceding main clause. See IBHS 533–34 #32.2.3e.} to the king of Israel 100,000 male lambs and the wool of 100,000 rams. 5 When Ahab died, the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel. 6 At that time King Jehoram left Samaria and assembled all Israel for war. 7 He sent ^{▼▼ Heb “went and sent.”} this message to King Jehoshaphat of Judah: “The king of Moab has rebelled against me. Will you fight with me against Moab?” Jehoshaphat ^{▼▼ Heb “he”; the referent (Jehoshaphat) has been specified in the translation for clarity.} replied, “I will join you in the campaign; my army and horses are at your disposal.” ^{▼▼ Heb “I will go up – like me, like you; like my people, like your people; like my horses; like your horses.”} 8 He then asked, “Which invasion route are we going to take?” ^{▼▼ Heb “Where is the road we will go up?”} Jehoram ^{▼▼ Heb “he”; the referent (Jehoram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.} answered, “By the road through the Desert of Edom.” 9 So the kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom ^{▼▼ Heb “the king of Israel and the king of Judah and the king of Edom.”} set out together. They wandered around on the road for seven days and finally ran out of water for the men and animals they had with them. 10 The king of Israel said, “Oh no! ^{▼▼ Or “ah.”} Certainly the Lord has summoned these three kings so that he can hand them over to the king of Moab!” 11 Jehoshaphat asked, “Is there no prophet of the Lord here that we might seek the Lord’s direction?” ^{▼▼ Heb “that we might inquire of the Lord through him?”} One of the servants of the king of Israel answered, “Elisha son of Shapat is here; he used to be Elijah’s servant.” ^{▼▼ Heb “who poured water on the hands of Elijah.” This refers to one of the typical tasks of a servant.} 12 Jehoshaphat said, “The Lord speaks through him.” ^{▼▼ Heb “the word of the Lord is with him.”} So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom went down to visit him.

13 Elisha said to the king of Israel, “Why are you here? ^{▼▼ Or “What do we have in common?” The text reads literally, “What to me and to you?”} Go to your father’s prophets or your mother’s prophets!” The king of Israel replied to him, “No, for the Lord is the one who summoned these three kings so that he can hand them over to Moab.” 14 Elisha said, “As certainly as the Lord who rules over all ^{▼▼ Traditionally “the Lord of hosts.”} lives (whom I serve), ^{▼▼ Heb “before whom I stand.”} if I did not respect King Jehoshaphat of Judah, ^{▼▼ Heb “if I did not lift up the face of Jehoshaphat the king of Judah.”} I would not pay attention to you or acknowledge you. ^{▼▼ Heb “I would not look at you or see you.”} 15 But now, get me a musician.” ^{▼▼ The term used refers to one who plays a stringed instrument, perhaps a harp.} When the musician played, the Lord energized him, ^{▼▼ Heb “the hand of the Lord came on him.” This may refer to what typically happened, “[for] when a musician played, the hand of the Lord would come upon him.”} 16 and he said, “This is what the Lord says, ‘Make many cisterns in this valley,’ ^{▼▼ Heb “making this valley cisterns, cisterns.” The Hebrew noun גֵּב (gev) means “cistern” in Jer 14:3 (cf. Jer 39:10). The repetition of the noun is for emphasis. See GKC 396 #123.e. The verb (“making”) is an infinitive absolute, which has to be interpreted in light of the context. The translation above takes it in an imperatival sense. The command need not be understood as literal, but as hyperbolic. Telling them to build cisterns is a dramatic way of leading into the announcement that he would miraculously provide water in the desert. Some prefer to translate the infinitive as an imperfect with the Lord as the understood subject, “I will turn this valley [into] many pools.”} 17 for this is what the Lord says, ‘You will not feel ^{▼▼ Heb “see.”} any wind or see any rain, but this valley will be full of water and you and your cattle and animals will drink.’ 18 This is an easy task for the Lord; ^{▼▼ Heb “and this is easy in the eyes of the Lord.”} he will also hand Moab over to you. 19 You will defeat every fortified city and every important ^{▼▼ Heb “choice” or “select.”} city. You must chop down ^{▼▼ Elisha places the object first and uses an imperfect verb form. The stylistic shift may signal that he is now instructing them what to do, rather than merely predicting what would happen.} every productive ^{▼▼ Heb “good.”} tree, stop up all the springs, and cover all the cultivated land with stones.” ^{▼▼ Heb “and ruin every good portion with stones.”}

20 Sure enough, the next morning, at the time of the morning sacrifice, water came flowing down from Edom and filled the land. ^{▼▼ Heb “and in the morning, when the offering is offered up, look, water was coming from the way of Edom, and the land was filled with water.”} 21 Now all Moab had heard that the kings were attacking, ^{▼▼ Heb “had come up to fight them.”} so everyone old enough to fight was mustered and placed at the border. ^{▼▼ Heb “and they mustered all who tied on a belt and upwards, and they stood at the border.”} 22 When they got up early the next morning, the sun was shining on the water. To the Moabites, who were some distance away, the water looked red like blood. 23 The Moabites ^{▼▼ Heb “they”; the referent (the Moabites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.} said, “It’s blood! The kings are totally destroyed! ^{▼▼ The translation assumes the verb is חָרַב (kharav, “to be desolate”). The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb form for emphasis. (For another example of the Hophal infinitive with a Niphal finite verb, see Lev 19:20. Cf. also IBHS 582 #35.2.1c.) Some prefer to derive the verb from a proposed homonym meaning “at HALOT 349 s.v. II חרב and BDB 352 s.v. חָרְבָה).} They have struck one another down! Now, Moab, seize the plunder!” 24 When they approached the Israelite camp, the Israelites rose up and struck down the Moabites, who then ran from them. The Israelites ^{▼▼ Heb “they.”} thoroughly defeated ^{▼▼ The consonantal text (Kethib) suggests, “and they went, striking down,” but the marginal reading (Qere) is “they struck down, striking down.” For a discussion of the textual problem, see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 46.} Moab. 25 They tore down the cities and each man threw a stone into every cultivated field until they were covered. ^{▼▼ Heb “and [on] every good portion they were throwing each man his stone and they filled it.” The vav + perfect (“and they filled”) here indicates customary action contemporary with the situation described in the preceding main clause (where a customary imperfect is used, “they were throwing”). See the note at 3:4.} They stopped up every spring and chopped down every productive tree.

Only Kir Hareseth was left intact, ^{▼▼ Heb “until he had allowed its stones to remain in Kir Hareseth.”} but the slingers surrounded it and attacked it. 26 When the king of Moab realized he was losing the battle, ^{▼▼ Heb “and the king of Moab saw that the battle was too strong for him.”} he and 700 swordsmen tried to break through and attack ^{▼▼ Heb “he took with him seven hundred men, who drew the sword, to break through against.”} the king of Edom, but they failed. 27 So he took his firstborn son, who was to succeed him as king, and offered him up as a burnt sacrifice on the wall. There was an outburst of divine anger against Israel, ^{▼▼ Heb “there was great anger against Israel.”} ^{▼▼ The meaning of this statement is uncertain, for the subject of the anger is not indicated. Except for two relatively late texts, the noun קֶצֶף (qetsef) refers to an outburst of divine anger. But it seems unlikely the Lord would be angry with Israel, for he placed his stamp of approval on the campaign (vv. 16–19). D. N. Freedman suggests the narrator, who obviously has a bias against the Omride dynasty, included this observation to show that the Lord would not allow the Israelite king to “have an undiluted victory” (as quoted in M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings [AB], 52, n. 8). Some suggest that the original source identified Chemosh the Moabite god as the subject and that his name was later suppressed by a conscientious scribe, but this proposal raises more questions than it answers. For a discussion of various views, see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 47-48, 51–52.} so they broke off the attack ^{▼▼ Heb “they departed from him.”} and returned to their homeland.